基于MOF (Cu)@biochar气凝胶的制备及其在缓释氮肥上的应用

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、明胶和MOF(Cu)@biochar为原料,采用简单有效的冷冻干燥方法制备了(CMC/Gelatin/MOF(Cu)@biochar)杂化气凝胶,并用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TG)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对其进行了表征;研究了MOF(Cu)@biochar含量、pH和不同的盐水溶液对杂化气凝胶溶胀行为的影响;以该气凝胶负载氯化铵,制备了一种新型缓释肥料(SRF),并研究了含2%(wt)SRF的沙性土壤的保水能力;SRF在土壤中第30天的累积释放率为79.4%;肥料在土壤中释放符合非Fickian扩散和阳离子交换的协同作用机理。     

Relationship of nanostructure and thermo-chemical response/thermal ablation of carbon aerogels

In this work, the interfacial mass balance relations combined with the non-parametric kinetic (NPK) analysis results were used for evaluating the thermo-chemical ablation process and oxidation mechanism of carbon aerogels with various porous structure. It was found that the two-parameter model of Nomen–Sempereis was able to describe the kinetics of the oxidation reaction and to reveal the structure-dependent contribution of two main processes with chemical and physical nature. The porosity of the carbon aerogel, rather than the other microstructural features, was realized more effective on the rate of ablation.     

超轻纳米纤维气凝胶的制备及其应用

超轻纳米纤维气凝胶是一种以一维纳米纤维为基本构筑单元的新型气凝胶材料,相比于传统气凝胶,其不仅具有更高的孔隙率和更低的密度,还拥有更优异的机械性能和理化性质,因此该材料的先进制备技术和在新兴领域的创新性应用是近年来超轻气凝胶领域的研究热点。本文结合国内外研究现状,按照材料体系分类系统综述了超轻纤维气凝胶的制备方法、结构特点以及在隔热、吸附、电化学、传感和生物医学等领域的重要应用,提出了现阶段该材料面临的一些挑战,并展望了其在未来的发展方向。     

碳化硅块状气凝胶的制备及应用

碳化硅气凝胶具有高温稳定性、低热膨胀系数、良好的抗热震性以及抗氧化和耐腐蚀等优异的性质,在高温和高腐蚀性环境下的隔热、电磁吸波、过滤和吸附等领域具有较大的应用潜力。然而,块状碳化硅气凝胶的可控制备一直是一项较大的挑战。本文综述了块状碳化硅气凝胶在制备工艺和应用两个方面的研究进展,首先分析总结了各种制备工艺及其优缺点,包括有机/SiO₂复合气凝胶碳热还原法、预陶瓷化聚合物裂解法、化学气相沉积法、高温气相渗硅法和碳化硅纳米线组装法;然后,详细介绍了碳化硅气凝胶在高温隔热和电磁吸波两个领域的应用研究进展;最后,展望了碳化硅气凝胶未来的若干发展方向。     

多巴胺和L-精氨酸制备超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶吸油性能的研究

采用水热法制备了超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶。分析表征结果表明,多巴胺不仅为还原剂而且提供氮源,石墨烯溶液前躯体的pH值对水热法制备超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶很大的影响,通过调节多巴胺和L-精氨酸在石墨烯溶液前躯体的浓度,可制备密度为2.54 mg/cm³超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶,由于氮掺杂、低密度和大的比表面积,超轻氮掺杂石墨烯气凝胶对各种油品都有良好的吸附性能。     

The Effects of Hydrophobicity and Textural Properties on Hexamethyldisiloxane Adsorption in Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogels

To expand the applications of graphene-based materials to biogas purification, a series of reduced graphene oxide aerogels (rGOAs) were prepared from industrial grade graphene oxide using a simple hydrothermal method. The influences of the hydrothermal preparation temperature on the textural properties, hydrophobicity and physisorption behavior of the rGOAs were investigated using a range of physical and spectroscopic techniques. The results showed that the rGOAs had a macro-porous three-dimensional network structure. Raising the hydrothermal treatment temperature reduced the number of oxygen-containing groups, whereas the specific surface area (S_BET), micropore volume (V_micro) and water contact angle values of the rGOAs all increased. The dynamic adsorption properties of the rGOAs towards hexamethyldisiloxane (L2) increased with increasing hydrothermal treatment temperature and the breakthrough adsorption capacity showed a significant linear association with S_BET, V_micro and contact angle. There was a significant negative association between the breakthrough time and inlet concentration of L2, and the relationship could be reliably predicted with a simple empirical formula. L2 adsorption also increased with decreasing bed temperature. Saturated rGOAs were readily regenerated by a brief heat-treatment at 100 °C. This study has demonstrated the potential of novel rGOA for applications using adsorbents to remove siloxanes from biogas.     

石蜡/膨胀石墨/石墨烯复合相变储热材料的制备及性能

以石蜡(PA)作为相变储热材料、 膨胀石墨(EG)作为主导热材料和支撑材料, 石墨烯气凝胶(GA)作为导热增强材料和辅支撑材料制备了PA/EG/GA复合相变材料, 研究了GA添加量对复合相变材料相变温度、 相变潜热、 导热性能以及循环稳定性的影响. 结果表明, 所制备的80%PA-17%EG-3%GA复合相变材料导热性能良好, 循环稳定性出色. 与80%PA-20%EG复合材料相比, 该材料的相变温度、 相变潜热以及循环稳定性无明显变化, 但导热系数由4.089 W/(m·K)提升到了5.336 W/(m·K), 显示出良好的应用前景.     

CARBON NANOTUBES VIA METHANE DECOMPOSITION ON AN ALUMINA SUPPORTED COBALT AEROGEL CATALYST

An alumina-supported cobalt aerogel catalyst prepared from a sol-gel and a supercritical drying method was used in the catalytic decomposition of methane.The physical-chemical properties of the catalyst were characterized and its activity for methane decomposition was investigated.The effects of calcination and reaction temperatures on the activity of the catalyst and the morphology of the carbon nanotubes produced were discussed.A COAl2O4 spinel structure formed in the calcined catalyst.The quantity of the nanotubes produced in the reaction increases with the amount of cobalt in the reduced catalyst.A higher reaction temperature leads to a higher reaction rate,though faster deactivation of the catalyst occurs with the change.The carbon nanotubes grown on the catalyst have smooth walls and uniform diameter distribution.     

Silica aerogel–poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) composite for transparent heat retention films

Poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) plastic films are widely used for solar coverings including photovoltaic modules and commercial greenhouse films, but are poor at controlling heat flow. In this work, silica aerogel (SA) nanogels were examined for preparing transparent heat retention EVA films that block far infrared spectra radiation to maintain heat, without compromising the optical performance of the films. SA nanogels were melt‐mixed using a mini twin‐screw extruder with EVA pellets to form SA/EVA composite, which were pressed into thin films with controlled thickness. The composite films were characterized in terms of optical properties using a variety of analytical methods including FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, electron, confocal, and atomic force microscopy. Both thermicity and thermal conductivity of commercial and experimental SA/EVA films were measured. The results demonstrated that the SA/EVA films gave improved infrared retention compared to commercial thermal plastic films without compromising visible light transmission, showing the potential for this approach in next generation heat retention films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 927–935     

Fabrication of flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant isocyanate-based polyimide foam modified by silica aerogel thermal insulation and flame protection layers

Because of containing urea groups, flame resistance and smoke releasing behaviors of isocyanate-based polyimide foam (IBPIF) produced using free foaming technology require further improvement. In this work, silica aerogel layers were incorporated into cells of IBPIF through an in situ growth process of silica sol (SS). Compared with silica aerogel particles directly mixed into the foaming slurry, the silica aerogel layers that firmly attached to the pores and surfaces of cells not only provided exceptional thermal insulation and flame protection, but also kept original cellular structure. With increase in ratio of SS mass to IBPIF volume, silica aerogel incorporation dosage was gradually increased. Accompanied by flame resistance was obviously improved and smoke releasing behavior was effectively suppressed. Those were indicated by the improved limiting oxygen index (LOI), decreased heat release rate (HRR), peak of HRR, and specific optical density of smoke (Ds) in trials with pilot flames. Compared with pure IBPIF, when the ratio reached to 5/15 g/cm³, it resulted in LOI increasing from 22.0% to 33.0%, peak of HRR, total smoke production (TSP), and maximum value of Ds decreasing from 174 to 72 kW/m², 1.11 to 0.37 m²/m², 45.90 to 17.45, respectively.